Vutu and TT's Race Wars Extravaganza
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Vutulaki-san
With more and more South Korean men beginning to devote their time to enhancing their appearances with various skincare products, the Washington Post shed light on the growing trend of make-up use “pour les hommes.“
On May 11th, the American publication reported on an article titled, “In South Korea, beauty is skin deep(just make sure to pierce the stubble),” where they followed and interviewed a normal male citizen named Lee Woo Jung, a gym owner and trainer, who was out and about in Hongdae shopping for make up products and refills.
The article mentioned the growing demand for skincare products such as BB cream, moisturizers, essences, and toners that are stocked onto the shelves of many cosmetics stores in the streets of South Korea for young men—essentially those in their early to mid twenties.
The Washington Post highlighted a quote by the gym trainer, someone whom you would least expect to wear make up, “People look at me differently when I take care of my skin. It helps me when I’m working because I have a good image. When I approach other people (as a trainer), they are more open to me.”
[ ] male
[ ] female
[x]South Korean
The article reinforced how the South Korean cosmetic industry generates nearly $10 billion in sales from beauty supplies and cosmetic companies such as Etude House, Missha, Nature Republic, and Tony Moly. Though these companies have been serving many young, and not so young, women over the last few years, their main targets have now been switched over to men who are becoming more and more open to the idea of taking care of their skin for health and physical reasons.
“In South Korea, being young and active are considered very attractive qualities. Youth equals ability,” said Luel editor in chief Eric Mun, “So you get plus points here if you look younger.”
From snail mucus to animal placenta being incorporated into these skincare products for a more maximized effect of skin regeneration and toning, the South Korean cosmetic industry has been coming up with newer, stranger ways to keep up with the constant evolution of products from competing companies.
Some of these companies have even stepped up into using male celebrities to advertise their “pour les hommes” products, increasing the market of men wanting to enhance their appearances, which then affects other men into adopting the trend as well. “It’s a huge prospect in South Korea — and increasingly in other parts of Asia, thanks to the phenomenal popularity of Korean dramas and music — where the masculine ideal of beauty might be described as ‘metrosexual’ in the West,” says the Washington Post.
Not only have these men become more confident in themselves after using these products, but their dating lives have seen much more improvement as well. With their physical appearances becoming more handsome and appealing, many of these men say that meeting women has become much easier. A lot of women these days in South Korea also appreciate more feminine men rather than the old-fashioned “all men must be tough and manly” preference.
However, this trend of taking care of their skin doesn’t really last forever. In an interview with 37-year-old Choi Yong Son, it was revealed that men don’t really take this habit to their death bed.
Choi said, “During my military service, my skin got really ruined, so I started using my mom’s products, her special moisturizers. I only use my own toner and moisturizer now because my wife tells me to.”
Choi continued to state that Korean men don’t actually care much for their skin after marriage and that all the hard work and effort into enhancing it is for marriage-seeking purposes only, “I shouldn’t tell you this, but after they get married, Korean men don’t really care that much about their skin. Only before.”
Both American and Korean netizens who came across this article left comments such as, “This is Awesome. I keep going after my grandson who is 17; I told him his mother and I spent a lot of time diapering and lotioning his little bottom for many years, so do not let me down now…. Get to the lotion and keep your skin looking fresh.”
Others commented, “It’s okay when guys wear make up to maintain healthy skin or to cover up certain blemishes. I personally don’t like it when guys put full on foundation and draw in eyebrows and whatnot, but simple cover-up doesn’t hurt anyone.”
What are your thoughts on this booming trend?
Next (in a separate thread) we will discuss the feminization of the East Asian "male" and Korea's role in this disgusting crime against nature
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Vutulaki-san
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1 ... 2015.x/pdf
348
Journal of Andrology, Vol. 19. No. 3. May/June 1998 Copyright © American Society of Andrology
Ethnic Differences in Testicular Structure and
Spermatogenic Potential May Predispose Testes of Asian
Men to a Heightened Sensitivity to Steroidal Contraceptives
LARRY JOHNSON,* JEFFREY J. BARNARD,t LORI RODRIGUEZ,* ELIZABETH C. SMITH,* RONALD S.
SWERDLOFF4 X. H. WANG, AND CHRISTINA WANG1:
From the *Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Public Health, Texas Veterinary Medical Center, Texas A&M
Universily, College Station, Texas; the tDepartment of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
at Dallas, Dallas, Texas; the tDivision of Endocrinology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, Cahfornia; and
the §Jiangsu Family Planning Research Institute, Nanjing, China.
ABSTRACT: Spermatogenesis in Asian men appears to be more
susceptible to suppression by steroidal contraceptives administered
in clinical trials than spermatogenesis in Caucasian men. The objective
of this study was to determine whether ethnic differences
exist in testicular structure and spermatogenic potential that might
predispose Asians to a high sensitivity to steroidal contraceptives.
Testes from 12 Chinese men were compared to those from 8 Hispanic
men and 12 non-Hispanic Caucasian men of ages 29 ± 3, 30
± 2, and 29 ± 3 years, respectively. Testes were fixed by vascular
perfusion with glutaraldehyde, further fixed in osmium, embedded in Epon, and evaluated by stereology using 0.5-m sections stained
with toiuidine blue. Homogenates of fixed testes were evaluated for the number of Sertoli cells and the daily sperm production based on
pachytene primary spermatocytes (PDSP) or spermatids with spherical
nuclei (DSP). Paired parenchymal weight was less (P < 0.05)
in Chinese men than in Hispanic or Caucasian men. The PDSP per
gram of parenchyma was lower (P < 0.05) and the DSP per gram
tended to be lower in Chinese men than in other groups. The histologic
appearance, volume density, and length per man of seminif- erous tubules were the same among the ethnic groups; however,
the diameter of seminiferous tubules was less (P < 0.05) in Chinese
than in Hispanic or Caucasian men. The PDSP per man and the DSP per man were lower (P < 0.05) in Chinese than in Hispanic or
Caucasian men. The number of Sertoli cells per gram was higher
(P < 0.05) in Chinese or Caucasian men than in Hispanic men, but
the number of Sertolicells per man was lower (P < 0.05) in Chinese
men than in Hispanic or Caucasian men. Sertolicellfunction, mea- sured as the number of germ cells accommodated by a single Sertoli
cell, was lower (P < 0.05) in Chinese men than in Caucasian men. The volume density of Leydig cellcytoplasm was greatest (P< 0.05)
in Chinese men, but the number of Leydig cells was similar among
the ethnic groups. Hence, smaller testes coupled with reduced Sertoli
cell number and function and reduced daily sperm production
could predispose Asian men to have a heightened negative re- sponse of testes to steroidal contraceptives, as compared to Caucasian
men. Dampening (by exogenous androgens) of any physiological
benefit to spermatogenesis that a high volume density of Leydig
cell cytoplasm may bestow on the human testis (that Asian men may have evolved to require) would exacerbate ethnic differences
in the spermatogenic response to hormonal contraceptives.
Key words: Spermatogenesis, ethnicity.
J Androl 1998;19:348-357
M ost male contraceptive clinical studies based on
hormonal treatments have been conducted in Caucasian
men residing in the United States and Western
Europe. The World Health Organization (WHO) has ex- panded male contraceptive development studies to include
over 800 men in 10 countries on four continents
(WHO, 1990, 1993, 1996). These multicenter studies
demonstrated that the efficacy of suppression of spermatogenesis
by hormonal methods differs across racial
and ethnic groups. For both androgens used alone and
Supported in part by NIH grant A000465-05. Correspondence to: Dr. Larry Johnson. Department of Veterinary Anat- omy and Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station. Texas 77843-4458. Received for publication October 21, 1996; accepted for publication
February 16, 1998.
androgens used in combination with a progestin, the suppression
of spermatogenesis to persistent azoospermia
occurred in approximately 90% of Asian men as com- pared to 60 to 70% of Caucasian men. Different response
rates to hormonally based contraception may require different
strategies and goals for male contraceptive development
for different ethnic groups. The ethnic differ- ences in the efficacy of hormonal agents to cause suppression
of spermatogenesis may result from differences
in the suppression of gonadotropin levels in the presence
of exogenous hormones, the sensitivity of the testes in
response to decreases in gonadotropin secretion, the metabolism
of the hormonal agents within the body, or the
inherent spermatogenic potential. Of these potential sources of variation among ethnic groups, this study ex- amined the ethnic differences in testicular structure that
may impact on the sensitivity of the testis to gonadotro-
Johnson et al . Ethnic Difference in Spermatogenesis 349
pin suppression and the spermatogenic potential of the
testis.
Based on preliminary studies that did not include
Asians (Johnson et al, 1984a), no significant ethnic difference
in spermatogenic potential was found. For these
preliminary studies, testes from five non-Hispanic Caucasian,
five Hispanic, and five African American males
of ages 28.2 ± 1.3, 27.8 ± 1.6, and 28.2 ± 1.3 years,
respectively, were evaluated. Based on this small sample
of men, there were no statistical differences among
groups, respectively, for paired parenchymal weight (44.8
± 5.3, 40.7 ± 1.8, and 34.8 ± 4.6 g), for daily sperm
production per gram of testicular parenchyma (4.9 ± 0.3,
5.1 ± 0.7, and 4.3 ± 0.5 X 106/g), or for daily sperm
production per man (224 ± 36, 211 ± 35, and 157 ± 33
X 106). However, in an attempt to explain the enhanced
response of Asian men to contraceptive hormones, it
would be useful to first characterize the spermatogenic
potential of men with different ethnic backgrounds, including
Asians, to rule out inherent ethnic differences in
spermatogenic potential. Further, major influences on daily
sperm production in humans include the amount of
germ cell degeneration after prophase of meiosis or postprophase
of meiosis (Johnson et al, 1983, 1984b, 1990a),
the number of Sertoli cells (Johnson et al, 1984c), and
the number or organelle content of Leydig cells (Neaves
et al, 1984; Johnson et al, 1990b). The objectives of the
present study were to determine whether ethnic differ- ences exist (among young men representative of three
ethnic groups) in testicular weight, composition, and daily
sperm production and whether these differences could potentially
explain the heightened sensitivity of Asian men
to steroidal contraceptives as compared to Caucasian men. It was found that inherently lower spermatogenic potential
(reduced seminiferous tubular diameter, reduced Sertoli
cell number and function, and reduced daily sperm
production) and the potential requirement of a higher vol- ume density of Leydig cell cytoplasm for spermatogenic
function of Asians as compared to Caucasians may have
predisposed Asians to a more negative spermatogenic re- sponse to contraceptive hormones.
Materials and Methods
Specimens
Testes were obtained from autopsies of men who died of sudden
traumatic injury but who were in apparently good health, with
no extended period of hospitalization or history of serious illness prior to the sudden traumatic death. Testes from 12 Chinese men
obtained from China were compared to testes from 8 Hispanic
and 12 non-Hispanic Caucasian men from the United States
(Dallas, Texas, area) who were of similar ages (29 ± 3, 30 ± 2,
and 29 ± 3 years, respectively). In both the United States and
China, testes were fixed by vascular perfusion with 2% glutaraldehyde
in cacodylate buffer within 15 hours of death (Johnson
et al, l980b, 1992). Five pieces (10 mm X 10 mm X 3 mm) of
glutaraldehyde-perfused tissue were further fixed in 1% osmium
dehydrated in alcohol, embedded in Epon, and evaluated by ste- reology (Chalkley, 1943) for the volume density of seminiferous
tubules, for the nuclei of pachytene plus diplotene primary spermatocytes
or spermatids with spherical nuclei, and for the Leydig
cells using 0.5-p.m sections stained with toluidine blue
(Johnson et al, 1980a, 1986, 1992). Epon sections were also cut
at 20 p.m to measure the nuclear diameters of pachytene primary
spermatocytes, spermatids with spherical nuclei, and Leydig
cells (Johnson et al, 1980a, 1984b; Neaves et al, 1984). The
length of seminiferous tubules was calculated using the formula
for the volume of a cylinder by dividing the area of the tubular
cross section (determined from repeated tubular diameter mea- surements and from the formula for the area of a circle) into the
volume of seminiferous tubules (determined from the volume
density of tubules times the parenchymal weight divided by 1.05,
the specific gravity of the testis), as previously described (John- son et al, 1986).
Calculation of Daily Sperm Production and Sertoli Cell
Number
Spermatogenic potential of each ethnic group was evaluated by
counting germ cells in homogenates of testicular parenchyma
and by stereology of histologic sections. Homogenates of fixed
testes (50.0 mg of testicular parenchyma in 10 ml of fluid, homogenized
for 6 minutes in a Virtis homogenizer) were evaluated
for the number of Sertoli cells or germ cells (Johnson et al,
1981, 1 984c). Homogenates were prepared in duplicate and were
evaluated by counts made on at least four cytometer chambers.
Precision of repeated duplicate evaluations was good, with an
average coefficient of variation of 12% (Johnson et al, 1981).
Daily sperm production was calculated based on the number of
pachytene primary spermatocytes (PDSP) or on the number of
Sa or Sb1 spermatids (spermatids with spherical nuclei; DSP).
The PDSP per gram of parenchyma was calculated as the num- ber of pachytene primary spermatocytes per gram of tissue divided
by the 16-day life span (Clermont, 1963; Heller and Clermont,
1964) of these spermatocytes (Johnson et al, 1983). The
DSP per gram was calculated as the number of spermatids with
spherical nuclei per gram of tissue divided by the 8.9-day life
span of these spermatids (Johnson et al, 1981). Similarly, PDSP
based on primary spermatocytes (Johnson et al, 1983) and DSP
based on spermatids with spherical nuclei (Johnson et al, 1981) were calculated based on stereologic measurements of nuclear
volume densities and diameter measurements to calculate the
volume of individual nuclei in histologic sections (Johnson et al,
1980a, 1981). Values for PDSP or DSP based on homogenates
and stereologic evaluations were averaged for an individual man. These values were used to calculate the percentage of potential
production loss during postprophase of meiosis by dividing the
difference in PDSP per gram and DSP per gram by PDSP per gram (Johnson et al, 1983).
Number of Germ Cells Per Sertoli Cell The number of various germ cells (pachytene plus diplotene pri- mary spermatocytes or spermatids with spherical nuclei) was
B Oa.ESE
HISPANIC
#{149}CAUCASIAN B
-I--
a: w
a-w
C
7060
50
40
30
20
10
0 TESTICULAR PARENCHVMAL
FIG. 1. Ethnic differences (among Chinese, Hispanic, and Caucasian
men) in paired testicular weight (TESTICULAR) and paired parenchymal
weight (PARENCHYMAL). Means with different letters (A, B, C) are statistically
different (P < 0.05).
350 Journal of Andrology May/June 1998
determined by their direct enumeration in testicular homogenates
(Johnson et al, 1981, l984c). The number of germ cells of a given type supported by a single Sertoli cell during the stage of
the cycle when that type of germ cell is present was calculated
by multiplying the number of germ cells per average Sertoli cell
times the duration of the cycle (16 days; Clermont, 1963; Heller and Clermont, 1964) and dividing by the duration or life span
of the cell type of interest. For spermatids with round nuclei,
this calculation would involve multiplying the number of these
spermatids per average Sertoli cell by 16 days and then dividing
by 8.9 days (duration of Stages I-IH, in which these spermatids
are found; Johnson et al, 1984c).
Statistical Analyses
One-way analysis of variance (Statistical Analysis Systems,
1985) was used to test the significance of variation in the three
different ethnic groups. Differences among group means were
tested by Student-Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test (Statistical
Analysis Systems, 1985).
Results
Both paired testicular weight and paired testicular parenchymal
weight (Fig. 1) were lower (P < 0.05) in Chinese men than in Hispanic or Caucasian men. Both of these
weights were greater in Hispanic than in Caucasian men;
however, the weights of the left testis and the left testicular
parenchyma were not statistically different between
Caucasian and Hispanic men (Table 1). In spite of testicular
parenchymal weight differences among ethnic
groups, the general histologic appearance of the parenchyma
among groups was similar (Fig. 2). The volume
density of seminiferous tubules (Fig. 3a) was similar
among ethnic groups. The volume of seminiferous tubules
per man was less (P < 0.05) in Chinese men or Caucasian men than in Hispanic men (Fig. 3a). The diameter of seminiferous
tubules was least (P < 0.05) in Chinese men,
but the length per man was not statistically significant
among ethnic groups (Fig. 3b). The length of seminifer- ous tubules per gram of parenchyma was greater (P <
0.05) in Chinese men (19.8 ± 1.1 m) than in Hispanic
(13.9 ± 0.5 m) or Caucasian (14.6 ± 1.1 m) men. The
volume per man of nuclei of pachytene primary spermatocytes
or of spermatids with spherical nuclei was lowest
(P < 0.05) in Chinese men (Table 1). The number of
pachytene primary spermatocytes or spermatids with
spherical nuclei per milliter or per meter of seminiferous
tubules was lower in Chinese men than in Caucasian men
(Table 1).
The PDSP per gram of parenchyma was lower (P <
0.05) in Chinese men than in the other two ethnic groups
(Fig. 4a). There was a trend for the efficiency of spermatogenesis
(DSP per gram) to be higher in Caucasian
or Hispanic men than in Chinese men. Influenced by
ethnic differences in parenchymal weight (Fig. 1), PDSP
per man and DSP per man were lower (P < 0.05) in
Chinese men than in Hispanic or Caucasian men (Fig.
4b). In all three ethnic groups, there was a reduction (28 ± 7, 22 ± 9, and 28 ± 6%, respectively) in spermatogenic
potential between pachytene primary spermatocytes
and spermatids with spherical nuclei (e.g., compare
PDSP per gram vs. DSP per gram within each man of
each ethnic group). Hence, each ethnic group of young men experienced germ cell degeneration in spermatogenic
potential in meiosis, but after completion of prophase
and including both meiotic divisions. The number
of Sertoli cells per gram of parenchyma was lower (P <
0.05) in Hispanic men, with no significant difference between
Chinese and Caucasian men (Fig. 5a). The number
of Sertoli cells per man was lower in Chinese men than
in Hispanic or Caucasian men. The number of pachytene
primary spermatocytes or spermatids with spherical nu- clei accommodated by a single Sertoli cell was lower (P <0.05) for Chinese men than for the other ethnic groups
(Fig. Sb). Hence, both the total number and the function
of Sertoli cells appear to be less in Chinese men than in
the other ethnic groups. The number of Sertoli cells per
milliliter of seminiferous tubule was lower in Hispanic
than in Caucasian men (Table 1).
The volume density of Leydig cell cytoplasm was greater in Chinese men than in the other ethnic groups,
and the volume density of Leydig cells showed a similar
(but not statistically significant) trend (Fig. 6a; Table 1).
The volume of Leydig cells per man was lower (P <
0.05) in Chinese men than in the Hispanic group, and
Caucasian men were intermediate (Fig. 6a). The size of
individual Leydig cell nuclei was smallest (P < 0.05) in
Chinese men, but the volume of an individual Leydig cell was similar among ethnic groups. There was no differ- ence in the number of Leydig cells per gram of parenchyma
or the number of Leydig cells per man among
ethnic groups (Fig. 6b).
Table 1. Characteristics of testes in Chinese, Hispanic, and Caucasian men
Ethnic group*
Item Chinese Hispanic Caucasian
13.3 ± 1.2 25.0 ± 2.Ob 21.2 ± 1.2b
2.10 ± 0.21 3.24 ± 0.28b 3.00 ± 0.20”
11.2 ± 1.la 21.8 ± 1.8b 18.2 ± 1.lb
14.2 ± 1.3a 26.7 ± 1.8” 20.7 ± 0.9”
2.26 ± Olga 3.32 ± 0.24” 3.22 ± 0.20b
11.9 ± 1.la 23.4 ± 1.7” 17.5 ± 0.8” 13.7 ± 1.2a 25.9 ± 1.9” 21.0 ± 1.0c
2.46 ± 0.22a 3.57 ± 0.22” 3.57 ± 0.33b
520 ± 80a 1,428 ± 1290 1,134 ± 119”
11.3 ± 0.2 11.2 ± 0.1 11.2 ± 0.1
752 ± 31 742 ± 26 737 ± 14
* Means among ethnic groups with different superscripts are different (P < 0.05) as analyzed by analysis of variance and Student-Newman-Keuls
multiple comparison test. f Number of cells per milliliter of seminiferous tubule (ST).
1 Number per meter of seminiferous tubule (SD.
Johnson et al Ethnic Difference In Spermatogenesis 351
Number of men Age (years)
Testicular weight (g)
Left
Tunic
Parenchymal
Right
Tunic
Parenchymal
Mean
Germ cell nuclei
Pachytene spermatocyte
Volume density (%)
Volume per man (p.1)
Diameter (p.m)
Volume of single (fI)
Number (X106)
Per g of parenchyma
Per man Per ml of STt
Per m of ST
Spermatid (spherical)
Volume density (%)
Volume per man (ILl)
Diameter (ILm)
Volume of single (fi)
Number (x106)
Per g of parenchyma
Per man Per ml of STt Per m of STt
Sertoli cell
Number (x106)
Per ml of STt
Per m of STI:
Leydig cell
Nuclei
Volume density (%)
Volume per man (p.i)
Diameter (p.m)
Volume of single (fi)
Cytoplasm
Volume density (%)
Volume per man (ml)
Volume per cell.(pl)
Whole cell
Volume per cell (p1)
12
29.2 ± 2.8
27.6 ± 2.la
655 ± 97a
49.8 ± 33a 1.45 ± 0.l4
0.70 ± 0.12
143 ± 30a 6.63 ± 0.07
153 ± 5
45.8 ± 6.9 1,082 ± 202a 83 ± 12a 2.47 ± 0.42a
56.0 ± 4Qb 1.51 ± 0.10
0.385 ± 0.032
75.8 ± 8.la 8.47 ± 0.04a 318 ± 4
6.02 ± 0.43
1.25 ± 0.09
5.60 ± 0.41
5.92 ± 0.41
8
30.3 ± 2.0
36.6 ± 2.4”
1,637 ± 136”
69.2 ± 47ab 2.64 ± 0.15” 1.12 ± 0.16
422 ± 57b 6.59 ± 0.06 150 ± 4 62.5 ± 7.0
2,798 ± 345b 116 ± 10
4.51 ± 0.4gb
39.2 ± 2.9
1.57 ± 0.10
0.376 ± 0.054
150.4 ± 28gb
8.87 ± 0.06b 365 7b 4.35 ± 0.36”
1.89 ± 0.26
5.08 ± 0.68
5.44 ± 0.68
12
29.1 ± 2.8
39.9 ± 3.2b
1,407 ± 118b
90.0 ± 12.2b 3.02 ± 0.43b
1.10 ± 0.13
333 ± 39b 6.76 ± 0.13
163 ± 11 63.8 ± 6.6
2,275 ± 250b
140 ± 19” 4.69 ± 0.69”
64.1 ± 8.7b
2.11 ± 0.26
0.368 ± 0.050
113.6 ± 16.9k” 8.92 ± 0.08b 373 ± lOb
4.59 ± 0.51b 1.54 ± 0.18
5.83 ± 0.84
6.20 ± 0.84
Discussion
The problem of excessive population growth of the world
and the participation of men in family planning were addressed
by clinical trials of hormonally-based male contraceptives
in defined ethnic groups at different global
centers (WHO, 1990, 1993, 1996). Androgens or androgen-proestogen
contraceptives caused azoospermia in
approximately 60 to 70% of the predominantly Caucasian men tested (Cunningham et al, 1978; Paulsen et al, 1978;
Swerdloff et al, 1978, 1989; Knuth and Nieschlag, 1987).
Similar contraceptive regimens in Asian men (Chinese
352 Journal of Andrology May/June 1998
)
... ‘i,_ /, LC
#{163}.
I
Sa
a ‘ ‘ /. LI #{149}‘-
Johnson et al Ethnic Difference in Spermatogenesis 353
and Indonesian) produced a much higher incidence of
azoospermia (greater than 90%) than that seen in Caucasian
populations (WHO, 1990, 1993, 1996; Pangkahila,
1991). Treatment with 200 mg of testosterone enanthate
injected weekly for 18 months caused azoospermia in
100, 89, and 90% of the men tested in three Chinese
centers (Beijing, Chengdu, and Nanjing, respectively) and
azoospermia in 62, 45, 50, 56, 66, 70, and 61% of the men tested in Australian, European, and U.S. centers (Edinburgh,
Melbourne, Paris, Turkey, Seattle, Stockholm,
and Sydney, respectively). Using the same hormonal regimen
in 399 men in nine countries, azoospermia was achieved in 85.7% of the Asian men and 67.8% of the
non-Asian men (WHO, 1996). Further, depomedroxyprogesterone
acetate given in combination with 19-nortestosterone
or testosterone enanthate to Indonesian men for
6 months caused azoospermia in over 95% of the men
tested (WHO, 1993). In a similar study using depomedroxyprogesterone
acetate and 19-nortestosterone in Ger- man subjects, only 5 of 12 men (4 1%) developed azoo- spermia (Knuth et al, 1989). In addition to a greater rate
in Asian men, azoospermia occurred earlier during steroidal
treatment in Asian men (WHO, 1996). Hence, sev- eral studies have reported the existence of ethnic differ- ences in the spermatogenic response (percentage azoo- spermic men and rate of onset) of men to steroidal contraceptives.
A cautionary note is the fact that the specific
dose given to men from each group, regardless of ethnic
differences in body weight, resulted in a higher dose per
body mass in Asians than in Caucasians.
The mean testicular weight (Table 1) or volume (13.0 ± 1.1 ml) for autopsied Chinese men in the current study was intermediate between the 8 to 9 g previously reported
for autopsy specimens from Chinese men (Chang et al,
1960; Short, 1984) and the 17 to 19 ml estimated in Asian men using an orchidometer (Fujii et al, 1982; Kim and
Lee, 1982; Wang et al, 1985). In Caucasian men (Table
1), the mean testicular weight was at the lower end of
reported testicular volumes (tesicular weight per 1.05 g
per milliliter) of 20 to 25 ml (Lambert, 1951; Handelsman
et al, 1984), and the parenchymal weight per man (Fig.
1) was slightly less than that previously reported for 50
young adult men made up of African American, Hispanic,
and Caucasian men who had similar testicular sizes
(Johnson, 1986b). Hispanic men in the current study had
larger (P < 0.05) testes (Fig. 1; Table 1) and a higher
sperm production rate than did Hispanic men in the preliminary
data (see Introduction). Given that Chinese men
had testicular weights in the heavy range and Caucasian men had testicular volumes in the lower range (compared
to published values), differences between these two ethnic
groups found in the current study may be conservative.
This is true for parameters using testicular weight in the
calculation (e.g., daily sperm production per man, Fig. 4b; or Sertoli cell number per man, Fig. Sa). Likewise, the
difference between Caucasian men and Hispanic men
(e.g., testicular and parenchymal weights; Fig. 1) may be
liberal.
The current study illustrates a similarity in the spermatogenic
potential of Hispanic and Caucasian men
(Figs. 2, 3, 4b). These findings are consistent with those
from preliminary studies (see Introduction) in which different
ethnic groups (Caucasian, Hispanic, and African
American men) were evaluated and the values were com- bined (Johnson et al, 1984a). It was concluded from those
studies that testicular specimens from men of these three
ethnic groups could be combined without concern for ethnic
origin. However, equal numbers in each test group of
individuals from each ethnic origin are recommended
when possible.
Ethnic differences in responsiveness to contraceptive
hormones partially can be explained by inherent ethnic
differences in testicular characteristics. Smaller testes
(Fig. 1; Table 1), smaller diameter of seminiferous tubules
(Fig. 3), fewer Sertoli cells, and reduced function of individual
Sertoli cells (Fig. 5) may contribute to reduced
spermatogemc potential of Chinese men (Fig. 4). In the
current study, there appeared to be no ethnic difference
in the amount of germ cell degeneration (i.e., 22 to 28%
loss among ethnic groups) during postprophase of meiosis
(period of meiosis after prophase but including meiotic
divisions) between primary spermatocytes and spermatids,
as characterizes the age-related reduction in spermatogenic
potential in humans (Johnson et al, 1990a).
The elevated level of apoptosis of germ cells (spermatogonia
and spermatids) in Chinese men (Sinha Hikim et
al, 1997) is consistent with the reduced daily sperm production
in Chinese men as compared to Caucasian men
(Fig. 4). It is possible that the Chinese men in the current
study were subjected to more stress prior to autopsy than were the other two ethnic groups. However, the normal
appearances of seminiferous tubules and interstitial com- ponents in all these ethnic groups (Fig. 2) and the higher
testicular weights that were reported for Chinese men
(Chang et a), 1960; Short, 1984) preclude any massive
FIG. 2. Histologic illustrationof (a) general human testicular tissue and that from (b) Chinese, (c) Hispanic, and (d) Caucasian men. Seminiferous tubules (ST) composed of various germ cell types and interstitial components, such as Leydig cells(LC), blood vessels (By), lymph vessels (LV),and
nerve (N), are evident. Also, nuclei of pachytene primary spermatocytes (PS), spermatids with spherical nuclei (SA), and Sertoli cells (SC) are noted.
The general structure of seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells appear to be similar among ethnic groups. Bar length = 53 (a) and 40 m (b-d).
a b
70
Cl) 40
:2o
0
#{149}
SE
HISPANIC
CAUCASIAN
700
600
500 400
300
VOLUME DENSITY (%) LENGTh PER MAN (m)
a b
‘00
ra:
PDSP/g DSP/g
fl
PDSP/MAN DSP/MAN
354
DaLEsE
HISPANIC
#{149}CAUCASIAN
rVOLUME/MAN (ml) DIAMETER (pm)
Journal of Andrology . May/June 1998
FIG. 3. Ethnic differences in (a) volume density (VOLUME DENSITY [%l), volume per man (VOLUME/MAN [ml]), (b) diameter (DIAMETER [m]),
and length of seminiferous tubules per man (LENGTH/MAN [m]). Means with different letters (A, B) are statistically different (P < 0.05).
displacement or loss of germ cell types that might be
expected in severely stressed individuals.
Asians and Caucasians exhibit similar seminal characteristics
(Short, 1984; Wang et a), 1985; WHO, 1990)
despite differences in testicular size (Fig. 1; Table 1) and
daily sperm production (Fig. 4b). This disparity, noted
previously (Short, 1984), may relate to differences in
ejaculation frequency or to other problems in estimating
spermatogenic potential from too few ejaculates (Amann,
1981). Ejaculation frequency is known to have a major
influence on the number of spermatozoa ejaculated, and
several (five) daily ejaculates are needed to reduce the
variation among ejaculates within an individual to calculate
the daily sperm output in men (Johnson, 1982),
Further, the transit time of spermatozoa through the hu- man epididymis is extended in men with lower daily
sperm production values (Johnson and Varner, 1988), as
the Chinese men had in the current study (Fig. 4). Hence,
several factors preclude any direct comparison of the
number of spermatozoa in randomly collected ejaculates
with daily sperm production estimated from testicular tis- sue of a given ethnic group.
Numbers of somatic cells are important in determining
testicular size and function in various species, including
humans (Johnson, 1986b). Sertoli cell numbers are important
in establishing spermatogenic potential in horses,
bulls, rats, and humans (Johnson et al, 1984c; Johnson,
1995). In horses, the relationship between Sertoli cell
number and efficiency of spermatogenesis has been traced
back to the number of the most primitive type A spermatogonia
(Johnson et al, 1994). Also, seasonal variation
in Sertoli cell function was illustrated by variation in the
number of germ cells accommodated by a single Sertoli
cell in the horse (Johnson, 1986a). In humans (Johnson
et al, 1984c), the age-related decline in daily sperm production
is paralleled by an age-related decline in Sertoli
cell number. There was no age-related loss of Sertoli cell
function based on the number of germ cells accommo- dated by individual Sertoli cells (Johnson et a), 1984c).
Asian men in the current study not only displayed the
, 500
9450
400 350
300
250
200 150
100
FIG. 4. Potentialdaily sperm production and daily sperm production In men of different ethnic origins. (a) For potential daily sperm production per
gram of parenchyma based on pachytene primary epermatocytes (PDSP/g) or daily sperm production based on spermatids with spherical nuclei (DSP/
g), PDSP per gram Is lower, and there Is a trend for DSP per gram to be lower In Chinese men. (b) Potential daily sperm production per man (PDSP/
MAN) and daily sperm production per man (DSP/MAN) are lower In Chinese men than In the other two ethnic groups. Means with dIfferent letters (A,
B) are statistically different (P 0,05).
Johnson et al Ethnic Difference in Spermatogenesis
a
‘04o
35
:i3#{176} w
o 2520
15 U- O 10 a: w
0 z
355
Dc1*ESE
HISPANIC
A #{149} CAUCASIAN
r
DcI*#{128}sE HISPANIC
#{149}CAUCASIAN
1600 1400
1200 1000
800
600
400 200
0
b
‘0
H
6
5
4
3
2
SERTOU CELLS/g
A
0 SERTOLI CELLS/MAN
FIG. 5. Ethnic differences in the number of Sertoli cells and the number of germ cells accommodated by an individual Sertoli cell. (a) The number
of Sertoli cells per gram of parenchyma (SERTOLI CELLS/g) is higher in Chinese and Caucasian men than in Hispanic men. The number of Sertoli
cells per man (SERTOLI CELLS/MAN) is less in Chinese men than that in the other two groups. (b) The number of pachytene primary sperniatocytes
accommodated by a single Sertoli cell (SPERMATOCYTES) and the number of spermatids with spherical nuclei accommodated by a single Sertoli
cell(SPERMATIDS) are less in Chinese men than in the other two ethnic groups of men. Means with different letters (A, B) differ significantly (P < 0.05).
SPERMATOCYIES SPERMA11DS
a 8
7 x
5 -I- 43
2
DCI*ESE
HISPANIC
#{149} CAUCASIAN
AB
b
-20 1816
Cl)
-.1 14
1210’ 8’
-j 6
a: w .2’ D
2
B
0
VOLUME DENSITY (%) VOLUME/MAN (ml)
500 ‘0 450 z
400
350 c)
-J 30oti 250
200
>- 150 100
5o
A
2 FIG. 6. Ethnic differences in (a) volume density (VOLUME DENSITY [%]), volume per man (VOLUME/MAN [ml]), and (b) number of Leydig cells
per gram of parenchyma (LEYDIG CELLS/g) or per man (LEYDIG CELLS/MAN). Means with different letters (A, B) are statistically different (P < 0.05) by analysis of variance and Student-Newman-Keuls test.
LEYDIG CELLS/g LEYDIG CELLS/MAN
lowest (P < 0.05) number of Sertoli cells per man but
also had the lowest (P < 0.05) function of Sertoli cells
of the ethnic groups based on the number of primary spermatocytes
or the number of spermatids accommodated by
individual Sertoli cells (Fig. 5). A functional deficiency
of Sertoli cells in Chinese men (Fig. 5b) is consistent with
elevated basal follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) serum
pulsatile secretions in Asians as compared to in Caucasians
(Wang et al, 1998). Further, serum FSH concentrations
are higher in normal men with testosterone-induced
azoospermia than in normal men with testosterone-induced
oligospermia, regardless of ethnic origin (Handels- man et a), 1995).
The number of Leydig cells and the Leydig cell cytoplasmic
volume were reduced in aged men who also had
a reduced spermatogemc potential (Neaves et a), 1984).
However, the number of Leydig cells and the volume of
Leydig cell cytoplasm do not accurately predict spermatogemc
potential in men (Neaves et al, 1987; Johnson et
a), 1990b). In contrast, the volume density of Leydig cell
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (steroidgenic machinery) was significantly related to the daily sperm production in men (Johnson et a!, 1990b). In that study, the volume
density of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in Leydig cells was greater (P < 0.01) in men with high spermatogenic
activity. Although Leydig cells in Chinese men were intermediate
in size, the volume density of Leydig cell cytoplasm
was greatest (P < 0.05) in Chinese men (Table
1). Perhaps the higher volume density of Leydig cell cytoplasm
in Chinese men, compared to other ethnic groups
(Table 1), has evolved to be important in the maintenance
of relatively normal spermatogenesis in Asians. As a re- sult, Asian men may be more susceptible to exogenous
androgens, which would effectively eliminate any en- hanced function that the locally higher density of Leydig
cell cytoplasm would bestow on the adjacent seminiferous
356 Journal of Andrology May/June 1998
tubules. This point is consistent with the fact that Asian men respond earlier and with a more marked suppression
of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion to exogenous
androgens than do Caucasian men (Wang et al, 1998).
However, the lack of available data on the intratesticular
testosterone content prevents critical evaluation of this
hypothesis. Variation in the volume density of smooth
endoplasmic reticulum in Leydig cells and its relationship
to ethnic differences in spermatogenesis activity is under
current investigation.
In summary, the underlying reason for the ethnic differences
in responsiveness to contraceptive hormones
(WHO, 1990, 1993, 1996) is unknown. However, ethnic
differences in testicular structure (including a larger vol- ume density of Leydig cell cytoplasm) and spermatogenic
potential may direct future research to some possibilities.
It is likely that the reduced number and function of Sertoli
cells (Fig. 5) contribute to an inherently lower spermatogenic
potential (Fig. 4) in Chinese (Asian) men, which
would predispose them to a heightened negative spermatogenic
response to steroidal contraceptives. Hence,
the potential need for a high volume density of Leydig
cell cytoplasm (that would be reduced by exogenous steroids
and compromised luteinizing hormone stimulation)
and an inherently lower spermatogenic potential (limited
ability to respond to testicular stress, such as lower gonadotropins)
may predispose testes of Asian men to a heightened sensitivity to steroidal contraceptives.
348
Journal of Andrology, Vol. 19. No. 3. May/June 1998 Copyright © American Society of Andrology
Ethnic Differences in Testicular Structure and
Spermatogenic Potential May Predispose Testes of Asian
Men to a Heightened Sensitivity to Steroidal Contraceptives
LARRY JOHNSON,* JEFFREY J. BARNARD,t LORI RODRIGUEZ,* ELIZABETH C. SMITH,* RONALD S.
SWERDLOFF4 X. H. WANG, AND CHRISTINA WANG1:
From the *Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Public Health, Texas Veterinary Medical Center, Texas A&M
Universily, College Station, Texas; the tDepartment of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
at Dallas, Dallas, Texas; the tDivision of Endocrinology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, Cahfornia; and
the §Jiangsu Family Planning Research Institute, Nanjing, China.
ABSTRACT: Spermatogenesis in Asian men appears to be more
susceptible to suppression by steroidal contraceptives administered
in clinical trials than spermatogenesis in Caucasian men. The objective
of this study was to determine whether ethnic differences
exist in testicular structure and spermatogenic potential that might
predispose Asians to a high sensitivity to steroidal contraceptives.
Testes from 12 Chinese men were compared to those from 8 Hispanic
men and 12 non-Hispanic Caucasian men of ages 29 ± 3, 30
± 2, and 29 ± 3 years, respectively. Testes were fixed by vascular
perfusion with glutaraldehyde, further fixed in osmium, embedded in Epon, and evaluated by stereology using 0.5-m sections stained
with toiuidine blue. Homogenates of fixed testes were evaluated for the number of Sertoli cells and the daily sperm production based on
pachytene primary spermatocytes (PDSP) or spermatids with spherical
nuclei (DSP). Paired parenchymal weight was less (P < 0.05)
in Chinese men than in Hispanic or Caucasian men. The PDSP per
gram of parenchyma was lower (P < 0.05) and the DSP per gram
tended to be lower in Chinese men than in other groups. The histologic
appearance, volume density, and length per man of seminif- erous tubules were the same among the ethnic groups; however,
the diameter of seminiferous tubules was less (P < 0.05) in Chinese
than in Hispanic or Caucasian men. The PDSP per man and the DSP per man were lower (P < 0.05) in Chinese than in Hispanic or
Caucasian men. The number of Sertoli cells per gram was higher
(P < 0.05) in Chinese or Caucasian men than in Hispanic men, but
the number of Sertolicells per man was lower (P < 0.05) in Chinese
men than in Hispanic or Caucasian men. Sertolicellfunction, mea- sured as the number of germ cells accommodated by a single Sertoli
cell, was lower (P < 0.05) in Chinese men than in Caucasian men. The volume density of Leydig cellcytoplasm was greatest (P< 0.05)
in Chinese men, but the number of Leydig cells was similar among
the ethnic groups. Hence, smaller testes coupled with reduced Sertoli
cell number and function and reduced daily sperm production
could predispose Asian men to have a heightened negative re- sponse of testes to steroidal contraceptives, as compared to Caucasian
men. Dampening (by exogenous androgens) of any physiological
benefit to spermatogenesis that a high volume density of Leydig
cell cytoplasm may bestow on the human testis (that Asian men may have evolved to require) would exacerbate ethnic differences
in the spermatogenic response to hormonal contraceptives.
Key words: Spermatogenesis, ethnicity.
J Androl 1998;19:348-357
M ost male contraceptive clinical studies based on
hormonal treatments have been conducted in Caucasian
men residing in the United States and Western
Europe. The World Health Organization (WHO) has ex- panded male contraceptive development studies to include
over 800 men in 10 countries on four continents
(WHO, 1990, 1993, 1996). These multicenter studies
demonstrated that the efficacy of suppression of spermatogenesis
by hormonal methods differs across racial
and ethnic groups. For both androgens used alone and
Supported in part by NIH grant A000465-05. Correspondence to: Dr. Larry Johnson. Department of Veterinary Anat- omy and Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station. Texas 77843-4458. Received for publication October 21, 1996; accepted for publication
February 16, 1998.
androgens used in combination with a progestin, the suppression
of spermatogenesis to persistent azoospermia
occurred in approximately 90% of Asian men as com- pared to 60 to 70% of Caucasian men. Different response
rates to hormonally based contraception may require different
strategies and goals for male contraceptive development
for different ethnic groups. The ethnic differ- ences in the efficacy of hormonal agents to cause suppression
of spermatogenesis may result from differences
in the suppression of gonadotropin levels in the presence
of exogenous hormones, the sensitivity of the testes in
response to decreases in gonadotropin secretion, the metabolism
of the hormonal agents within the body, or the
inherent spermatogenic potential. Of these potential sources of variation among ethnic groups, this study ex- amined the ethnic differences in testicular structure that
may impact on the sensitivity of the testis to gonadotro-
Johnson et al . Ethnic Difference in Spermatogenesis 349
pin suppression and the spermatogenic potential of the
testis.
Based on preliminary studies that did not include
Asians (Johnson et al, 1984a), no significant ethnic difference
in spermatogenic potential was found. For these
preliminary studies, testes from five non-Hispanic Caucasian,
five Hispanic, and five African American males
of ages 28.2 ± 1.3, 27.8 ± 1.6, and 28.2 ± 1.3 years,
respectively, were evaluated. Based on this small sample
of men, there were no statistical differences among
groups, respectively, for paired parenchymal weight (44.8
± 5.3, 40.7 ± 1.8, and 34.8 ± 4.6 g), for daily sperm
production per gram of testicular parenchyma (4.9 ± 0.3,
5.1 ± 0.7, and 4.3 ± 0.5 X 106/g), or for daily sperm
production per man (224 ± 36, 211 ± 35, and 157 ± 33
X 106). However, in an attempt to explain the enhanced
response of Asian men to contraceptive hormones, it
would be useful to first characterize the spermatogenic
potential of men with different ethnic backgrounds, including
Asians, to rule out inherent ethnic differences in
spermatogenic potential. Further, major influences on daily
sperm production in humans include the amount of
germ cell degeneration after prophase of meiosis or postprophase
of meiosis (Johnson et al, 1983, 1984b, 1990a),
the number of Sertoli cells (Johnson et al, 1984c), and
the number or organelle content of Leydig cells (Neaves
et al, 1984; Johnson et al, 1990b). The objectives of the
present study were to determine whether ethnic differ- ences exist (among young men representative of three
ethnic groups) in testicular weight, composition, and daily
sperm production and whether these differences could potentially
explain the heightened sensitivity of Asian men
to steroidal contraceptives as compared to Caucasian men. It was found that inherently lower spermatogenic potential
(reduced seminiferous tubular diameter, reduced Sertoli
cell number and function, and reduced daily sperm
production) and the potential requirement of a higher vol- ume density of Leydig cell cytoplasm for spermatogenic
function of Asians as compared to Caucasians may have
predisposed Asians to a more negative spermatogenic re- sponse to contraceptive hormones.
Materials and Methods
Specimens
Testes were obtained from autopsies of men who died of sudden
traumatic injury but who were in apparently good health, with
no extended period of hospitalization or history of serious illness prior to the sudden traumatic death. Testes from 12 Chinese men
obtained from China were compared to testes from 8 Hispanic
and 12 non-Hispanic Caucasian men from the United States
(Dallas, Texas, area) who were of similar ages (29 ± 3, 30 ± 2,
and 29 ± 3 years, respectively). In both the United States and
China, testes were fixed by vascular perfusion with 2% glutaraldehyde
in cacodylate buffer within 15 hours of death (Johnson
et al, l980b, 1992). Five pieces (10 mm X 10 mm X 3 mm) of
glutaraldehyde-perfused tissue were further fixed in 1% osmium
dehydrated in alcohol, embedded in Epon, and evaluated by ste- reology (Chalkley, 1943) for the volume density of seminiferous
tubules, for the nuclei of pachytene plus diplotene primary spermatocytes
or spermatids with spherical nuclei, and for the Leydig
cells using 0.5-p.m sections stained with toluidine blue
(Johnson et al, 1980a, 1986, 1992). Epon sections were also cut
at 20 p.m to measure the nuclear diameters of pachytene primary
spermatocytes, spermatids with spherical nuclei, and Leydig
cells (Johnson et al, 1980a, 1984b; Neaves et al, 1984). The
length of seminiferous tubules was calculated using the formula
for the volume of a cylinder by dividing the area of the tubular
cross section (determined from repeated tubular diameter mea- surements and from the formula for the area of a circle) into the
volume of seminiferous tubules (determined from the volume
density of tubules times the parenchymal weight divided by 1.05,
the specific gravity of the testis), as previously described (John- son et al, 1986).
Calculation of Daily Sperm Production and Sertoli Cell
Number
Spermatogenic potential of each ethnic group was evaluated by
counting germ cells in homogenates of testicular parenchyma
and by stereology of histologic sections. Homogenates of fixed
testes (50.0 mg of testicular parenchyma in 10 ml of fluid, homogenized
for 6 minutes in a Virtis homogenizer) were evaluated
for the number of Sertoli cells or germ cells (Johnson et al,
1981, 1 984c). Homogenates were prepared in duplicate and were
evaluated by counts made on at least four cytometer chambers.
Precision of repeated duplicate evaluations was good, with an
average coefficient of variation of 12% (Johnson et al, 1981).
Daily sperm production was calculated based on the number of
pachytene primary spermatocytes (PDSP) or on the number of
Sa or Sb1 spermatids (spermatids with spherical nuclei; DSP).
The PDSP per gram of parenchyma was calculated as the num- ber of pachytene primary spermatocytes per gram of tissue divided
by the 16-day life span (Clermont, 1963; Heller and Clermont,
1964) of these spermatocytes (Johnson et al, 1983). The
DSP per gram was calculated as the number of spermatids with
spherical nuclei per gram of tissue divided by the 8.9-day life
span of these spermatids (Johnson et al, 1981). Similarly, PDSP
based on primary spermatocytes (Johnson et al, 1983) and DSP
based on spermatids with spherical nuclei (Johnson et al, 1981) were calculated based on stereologic measurements of nuclear
volume densities and diameter measurements to calculate the
volume of individual nuclei in histologic sections (Johnson et al,
1980a, 1981). Values for PDSP or DSP based on homogenates
and stereologic evaluations were averaged for an individual man. These values were used to calculate the percentage of potential
production loss during postprophase of meiosis by dividing the
difference in PDSP per gram and DSP per gram by PDSP per gram (Johnson et al, 1983).
Number of Germ Cells Per Sertoli Cell The number of various germ cells (pachytene plus diplotene pri- mary spermatocytes or spermatids with spherical nuclei) was
B Oa.ESE
HISPANIC
#{149}CAUCASIAN B
-I--
a: w
a-w
C
7060
50
40
30
20
10
0 TESTICULAR PARENCHVMAL
FIG. 1. Ethnic differences (among Chinese, Hispanic, and Caucasian
men) in paired testicular weight (TESTICULAR) and paired parenchymal
weight (PARENCHYMAL). Means with different letters (A, B, C) are statistically
different (P < 0.05).
350 Journal of Andrology May/June 1998
determined by their direct enumeration in testicular homogenates
(Johnson et al, 1981, l984c). The number of germ cells of a given type supported by a single Sertoli cell during the stage of
the cycle when that type of germ cell is present was calculated
by multiplying the number of germ cells per average Sertoli cell
times the duration of the cycle (16 days; Clermont, 1963; Heller and Clermont, 1964) and dividing by the duration or life span
of the cell type of interest. For spermatids with round nuclei,
this calculation would involve multiplying the number of these
spermatids per average Sertoli cell by 16 days and then dividing
by 8.9 days (duration of Stages I-IH, in which these spermatids
are found; Johnson et al, 1984c).
Statistical Analyses
One-way analysis of variance (Statistical Analysis Systems,
1985) was used to test the significance of variation in the three
different ethnic groups. Differences among group means were
tested by Student-Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test (Statistical
Analysis Systems, 1985).
Results
Both paired testicular weight and paired testicular parenchymal
weight (Fig. 1) were lower (P < 0.05) in Chinese men than in Hispanic or Caucasian men. Both of these
weights were greater in Hispanic than in Caucasian men;
however, the weights of the left testis and the left testicular
parenchyma were not statistically different between
Caucasian and Hispanic men (Table 1). In spite of testicular
parenchymal weight differences among ethnic
groups, the general histologic appearance of the parenchyma
among groups was similar (Fig. 2). The volume
density of seminiferous tubules (Fig. 3a) was similar
among ethnic groups. The volume of seminiferous tubules
per man was less (P < 0.05) in Chinese men or Caucasian men than in Hispanic men (Fig. 3a). The diameter of seminiferous
tubules was least (P < 0.05) in Chinese men,
but the length per man was not statistically significant
among ethnic groups (Fig. 3b). The length of seminifer- ous tubules per gram of parenchyma was greater (P <
0.05) in Chinese men (19.8 ± 1.1 m) than in Hispanic
(13.9 ± 0.5 m) or Caucasian (14.6 ± 1.1 m) men. The
volume per man of nuclei of pachytene primary spermatocytes
or of spermatids with spherical nuclei was lowest
(P < 0.05) in Chinese men (Table 1). The number of
pachytene primary spermatocytes or spermatids with
spherical nuclei per milliter or per meter of seminiferous
tubules was lower in Chinese men than in Caucasian men
(Table 1).
The PDSP per gram of parenchyma was lower (P <
0.05) in Chinese men than in the other two ethnic groups
(Fig. 4a). There was a trend for the efficiency of spermatogenesis
(DSP per gram) to be higher in Caucasian
or Hispanic men than in Chinese men. Influenced by
ethnic differences in parenchymal weight (Fig. 1), PDSP
per man and DSP per man were lower (P < 0.05) in
Chinese men than in Hispanic or Caucasian men (Fig.
4b). In all three ethnic groups, there was a reduction (28 ± 7, 22 ± 9, and 28 ± 6%, respectively) in spermatogenic
potential between pachytene primary spermatocytes
and spermatids with spherical nuclei (e.g., compare
PDSP per gram vs. DSP per gram within each man of
each ethnic group). Hence, each ethnic group of young men experienced germ cell degeneration in spermatogenic
potential in meiosis, but after completion of prophase
and including both meiotic divisions. The number
of Sertoli cells per gram of parenchyma was lower (P <
0.05) in Hispanic men, with no significant difference between
Chinese and Caucasian men (Fig. 5a). The number
of Sertoli cells per man was lower in Chinese men than
in Hispanic or Caucasian men. The number of pachytene
primary spermatocytes or spermatids with spherical nu- clei accommodated by a single Sertoli cell was lower (P <0.05) for Chinese men than for the other ethnic groups
(Fig. Sb). Hence, both the total number and the function
of Sertoli cells appear to be less in Chinese men than in
the other ethnic groups. The number of Sertoli cells per
milliliter of seminiferous tubule was lower in Hispanic
than in Caucasian men (Table 1).
The volume density of Leydig cell cytoplasm was greater in Chinese men than in the other ethnic groups,
and the volume density of Leydig cells showed a similar
(but not statistically significant) trend (Fig. 6a; Table 1).
The volume of Leydig cells per man was lower (P <
0.05) in Chinese men than in the Hispanic group, and
Caucasian men were intermediate (Fig. 6a). The size of
individual Leydig cell nuclei was smallest (P < 0.05) in
Chinese men, but the volume of an individual Leydig cell was similar among ethnic groups. There was no differ- ence in the number of Leydig cells per gram of parenchyma
or the number of Leydig cells per man among
ethnic groups (Fig. 6b).
Table 1. Characteristics of testes in Chinese, Hispanic, and Caucasian men
Ethnic group*
Item Chinese Hispanic Caucasian
13.3 ± 1.2 25.0 ± 2.Ob 21.2 ± 1.2b
2.10 ± 0.21 3.24 ± 0.28b 3.00 ± 0.20”
11.2 ± 1.la 21.8 ± 1.8b 18.2 ± 1.lb
14.2 ± 1.3a 26.7 ± 1.8” 20.7 ± 0.9”
2.26 ± Olga 3.32 ± 0.24” 3.22 ± 0.20b
11.9 ± 1.la 23.4 ± 1.7” 17.5 ± 0.8” 13.7 ± 1.2a 25.9 ± 1.9” 21.0 ± 1.0c
2.46 ± 0.22a 3.57 ± 0.22” 3.57 ± 0.33b
520 ± 80a 1,428 ± 1290 1,134 ± 119”
11.3 ± 0.2 11.2 ± 0.1 11.2 ± 0.1
752 ± 31 742 ± 26 737 ± 14
* Means among ethnic groups with different superscripts are different (P < 0.05) as analyzed by analysis of variance and Student-Newman-Keuls
multiple comparison test. f Number of cells per milliliter of seminiferous tubule (ST).
1 Number per meter of seminiferous tubule (SD.
Johnson et al Ethnic Difference In Spermatogenesis 351
Number of men Age (years)
Testicular weight (g)
Left
Tunic
Parenchymal
Right
Tunic
Parenchymal
Mean
Germ cell nuclei
Pachytene spermatocyte
Volume density (%)
Volume per man (p.1)
Diameter (p.m)
Volume of single (fI)
Number (X106)
Per g of parenchyma
Per man Per ml of STt
Per m of ST
Spermatid (spherical)
Volume density (%)
Volume per man (ILl)
Diameter (ILm)
Volume of single (fi)
Number (x106)
Per g of parenchyma
Per man Per ml of STt Per m of STt
Sertoli cell
Number (x106)
Per ml of STt
Per m of STI:
Leydig cell
Nuclei
Volume density (%)
Volume per man (p.i)
Diameter (p.m)
Volume of single (fi)
Cytoplasm
Volume density (%)
Volume per man (ml)
Volume per cell.(pl)
Whole cell
Volume per cell (p1)
12
29.2 ± 2.8
27.6 ± 2.la
655 ± 97a
49.8 ± 33a 1.45 ± 0.l4
0.70 ± 0.12
143 ± 30a 6.63 ± 0.07
153 ± 5
45.8 ± 6.9 1,082 ± 202a 83 ± 12a 2.47 ± 0.42a
56.0 ± 4Qb 1.51 ± 0.10
0.385 ± 0.032
75.8 ± 8.la 8.47 ± 0.04a 318 ± 4
6.02 ± 0.43
1.25 ± 0.09
5.60 ± 0.41
5.92 ± 0.41
8
30.3 ± 2.0
36.6 ± 2.4”
1,637 ± 136”
69.2 ± 47ab 2.64 ± 0.15” 1.12 ± 0.16
422 ± 57b 6.59 ± 0.06 150 ± 4 62.5 ± 7.0
2,798 ± 345b 116 ± 10
4.51 ± 0.4gb
39.2 ± 2.9
1.57 ± 0.10
0.376 ± 0.054
150.4 ± 28gb
8.87 ± 0.06b 365 7b 4.35 ± 0.36”
1.89 ± 0.26
5.08 ± 0.68
5.44 ± 0.68
12
29.1 ± 2.8
39.9 ± 3.2b
1,407 ± 118b
90.0 ± 12.2b 3.02 ± 0.43b
1.10 ± 0.13
333 ± 39b 6.76 ± 0.13
163 ± 11 63.8 ± 6.6
2,275 ± 250b
140 ± 19” 4.69 ± 0.69”
64.1 ± 8.7b
2.11 ± 0.26
0.368 ± 0.050
113.6 ± 16.9k” 8.92 ± 0.08b 373 ± lOb
4.59 ± 0.51b 1.54 ± 0.18
5.83 ± 0.84
6.20 ± 0.84
Discussion
The problem of excessive population growth of the world
and the participation of men in family planning were addressed
by clinical trials of hormonally-based male contraceptives
in defined ethnic groups at different global
centers (WHO, 1990, 1993, 1996). Androgens or androgen-proestogen
contraceptives caused azoospermia in
approximately 60 to 70% of the predominantly Caucasian men tested (Cunningham et al, 1978; Paulsen et al, 1978;
Swerdloff et al, 1978, 1989; Knuth and Nieschlag, 1987).
Similar contraceptive regimens in Asian men (Chinese
352 Journal of Andrology May/June 1998
)
... ‘i,_ /, LC
#{163}.
I
Sa
a ‘ ‘ /. LI #{149}‘-
Johnson et al Ethnic Difference in Spermatogenesis 353
and Indonesian) produced a much higher incidence of
azoospermia (greater than 90%) than that seen in Caucasian
populations (WHO, 1990, 1993, 1996; Pangkahila,
1991). Treatment with 200 mg of testosterone enanthate
injected weekly for 18 months caused azoospermia in
100, 89, and 90% of the men tested in three Chinese
centers (Beijing, Chengdu, and Nanjing, respectively) and
azoospermia in 62, 45, 50, 56, 66, 70, and 61% of the men tested in Australian, European, and U.S. centers (Edinburgh,
Melbourne, Paris, Turkey, Seattle, Stockholm,
and Sydney, respectively). Using the same hormonal regimen
in 399 men in nine countries, azoospermia was achieved in 85.7% of the Asian men and 67.8% of the
non-Asian men (WHO, 1996). Further, depomedroxyprogesterone
acetate given in combination with 19-nortestosterone
or testosterone enanthate to Indonesian men for
6 months caused azoospermia in over 95% of the men
tested (WHO, 1993). In a similar study using depomedroxyprogesterone
acetate and 19-nortestosterone in Ger- man subjects, only 5 of 12 men (4 1%) developed azoo- spermia (Knuth et al, 1989). In addition to a greater rate
in Asian men, azoospermia occurred earlier during steroidal
treatment in Asian men (WHO, 1996). Hence, sev- eral studies have reported the existence of ethnic differ- ences in the spermatogenic response (percentage azoo- spermic men and rate of onset) of men to steroidal contraceptives.
A cautionary note is the fact that the specific
dose given to men from each group, regardless of ethnic
differences in body weight, resulted in a higher dose per
body mass in Asians than in Caucasians.
The mean testicular weight (Table 1) or volume (13.0 ± 1.1 ml) for autopsied Chinese men in the current study was intermediate between the 8 to 9 g previously reported
for autopsy specimens from Chinese men (Chang et al,
1960; Short, 1984) and the 17 to 19 ml estimated in Asian men using an orchidometer (Fujii et al, 1982; Kim and
Lee, 1982; Wang et al, 1985). In Caucasian men (Table
1), the mean testicular weight was at the lower end of
reported testicular volumes (tesicular weight per 1.05 g
per milliliter) of 20 to 25 ml (Lambert, 1951; Handelsman
et al, 1984), and the parenchymal weight per man (Fig.
1) was slightly less than that previously reported for 50
young adult men made up of African American, Hispanic,
and Caucasian men who had similar testicular sizes
(Johnson, 1986b). Hispanic men in the current study had
larger (P < 0.05) testes (Fig. 1; Table 1) and a higher
sperm production rate than did Hispanic men in the preliminary
data (see Introduction). Given that Chinese men
had testicular weights in the heavy range and Caucasian men had testicular volumes in the lower range (compared
to published values), differences between these two ethnic
groups found in the current study may be conservative.
This is true for parameters using testicular weight in the
calculation (e.g., daily sperm production per man, Fig. 4b; or Sertoli cell number per man, Fig. Sa). Likewise, the
difference between Caucasian men and Hispanic men
(e.g., testicular and parenchymal weights; Fig. 1) may be
liberal.
The current study illustrates a similarity in the spermatogenic
potential of Hispanic and Caucasian men
(Figs. 2, 3, 4b). These findings are consistent with those
from preliminary studies (see Introduction) in which different
ethnic groups (Caucasian, Hispanic, and African
American men) were evaluated and the values were com- bined (Johnson et al, 1984a). It was concluded from those
studies that testicular specimens from men of these three
ethnic groups could be combined without concern for ethnic
origin. However, equal numbers in each test group of
individuals from each ethnic origin are recommended
when possible.
Ethnic differences in responsiveness to contraceptive
hormones partially can be explained by inherent ethnic
differences in testicular characteristics. Smaller testes
(Fig. 1; Table 1), smaller diameter of seminiferous tubules
(Fig. 3), fewer Sertoli cells, and reduced function of individual
Sertoli cells (Fig. 5) may contribute to reduced
spermatogemc potential of Chinese men (Fig. 4). In the
current study, there appeared to be no ethnic difference
in the amount of germ cell degeneration (i.e., 22 to 28%
loss among ethnic groups) during postprophase of meiosis
(period of meiosis after prophase but including meiotic
divisions) between primary spermatocytes and spermatids,
as characterizes the age-related reduction in spermatogenic
potential in humans (Johnson et al, 1990a).
The elevated level of apoptosis of germ cells (spermatogonia
and spermatids) in Chinese men (Sinha Hikim et
al, 1997) is consistent with the reduced daily sperm production
in Chinese men as compared to Caucasian men
(Fig. 4). It is possible that the Chinese men in the current
study were subjected to more stress prior to autopsy than were the other two ethnic groups. However, the normal
appearances of seminiferous tubules and interstitial com- ponents in all these ethnic groups (Fig. 2) and the higher
testicular weights that were reported for Chinese men
(Chang et a), 1960; Short, 1984) preclude any massive
FIG. 2. Histologic illustrationof (a) general human testicular tissue and that from (b) Chinese, (c) Hispanic, and (d) Caucasian men. Seminiferous tubules (ST) composed of various germ cell types and interstitial components, such as Leydig cells(LC), blood vessels (By), lymph vessels (LV),and
nerve (N), are evident. Also, nuclei of pachytene primary spermatocytes (PS), spermatids with spherical nuclei (SA), and Sertoli cells (SC) are noted.
The general structure of seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells appear to be similar among ethnic groups. Bar length = 53 (a) and 40 m (b-d).
a b
70
Cl) 40
:2o
0
#{149}
SE
HISPANIC
CAUCASIAN
700
600
500 400
300
VOLUME DENSITY (%) LENGTh PER MAN (m)
a b
‘00
ra:
PDSP/g DSP/g
fl
PDSP/MAN DSP/MAN
354
DaLEsE
HISPANIC
#{149}CAUCASIAN
rVOLUME/MAN (ml) DIAMETER (pm)
Journal of Andrology . May/June 1998
FIG. 3. Ethnic differences in (a) volume density (VOLUME DENSITY [%l), volume per man (VOLUME/MAN [ml]), (b) diameter (DIAMETER [m]),
and length of seminiferous tubules per man (LENGTH/MAN [m]). Means with different letters (A, B) are statistically different (P < 0.05).
displacement or loss of germ cell types that might be
expected in severely stressed individuals.
Asians and Caucasians exhibit similar seminal characteristics
(Short, 1984; Wang et a), 1985; WHO, 1990)
despite differences in testicular size (Fig. 1; Table 1) and
daily sperm production (Fig. 4b). This disparity, noted
previously (Short, 1984), may relate to differences in
ejaculation frequency or to other problems in estimating
spermatogenic potential from too few ejaculates (Amann,
1981). Ejaculation frequency is known to have a major
influence on the number of spermatozoa ejaculated, and
several (five) daily ejaculates are needed to reduce the
variation among ejaculates within an individual to calculate
the daily sperm output in men (Johnson, 1982),
Further, the transit time of spermatozoa through the hu- man epididymis is extended in men with lower daily
sperm production values (Johnson and Varner, 1988), as
the Chinese men had in the current study (Fig. 4). Hence,
several factors preclude any direct comparison of the
number of spermatozoa in randomly collected ejaculates
with daily sperm production estimated from testicular tis- sue of a given ethnic group.
Numbers of somatic cells are important in determining
testicular size and function in various species, including
humans (Johnson, 1986b). Sertoli cell numbers are important
in establishing spermatogenic potential in horses,
bulls, rats, and humans (Johnson et al, 1984c; Johnson,
1995). In horses, the relationship between Sertoli cell
number and efficiency of spermatogenesis has been traced
back to the number of the most primitive type A spermatogonia
(Johnson et al, 1994). Also, seasonal variation
in Sertoli cell function was illustrated by variation in the
number of germ cells accommodated by a single Sertoli
cell in the horse (Johnson, 1986a). In humans (Johnson
et al, 1984c), the age-related decline in daily sperm production
is paralleled by an age-related decline in Sertoli
cell number. There was no age-related loss of Sertoli cell
function based on the number of germ cells accommo- dated by individual Sertoli cells (Johnson et a), 1984c).
Asian men in the current study not only displayed the
, 500
9450
400 350
300
250
200 150
100
FIG. 4. Potentialdaily sperm production and daily sperm production In men of different ethnic origins. (a) For potential daily sperm production per
gram of parenchyma based on pachytene primary epermatocytes (PDSP/g) or daily sperm production based on spermatids with spherical nuclei (DSP/
g), PDSP per gram Is lower, and there Is a trend for DSP per gram to be lower In Chinese men. (b) Potential daily sperm production per man (PDSP/
MAN) and daily sperm production per man (DSP/MAN) are lower In Chinese men than In the other two ethnic groups. Means with dIfferent letters (A,
B) are statistically different (P 0,05).
Johnson et al Ethnic Difference in Spermatogenesis
a
‘04o
35
:i3#{176} w
o 2520
15 U- O 10 a: w
0 z
355
Dc1*ESE
HISPANIC
A #{149} CAUCASIAN
r
DcI*#{128}sE HISPANIC
#{149}CAUCASIAN
1600 1400
1200 1000
800
600
400 200
0
b
‘0
H
6
5
4
3
2
SERTOU CELLS/g
A
0 SERTOLI CELLS/MAN
FIG. 5. Ethnic differences in the number of Sertoli cells and the number of germ cells accommodated by an individual Sertoli cell. (a) The number
of Sertoli cells per gram of parenchyma (SERTOLI CELLS/g) is higher in Chinese and Caucasian men than in Hispanic men. The number of Sertoli
cells per man (SERTOLI CELLS/MAN) is less in Chinese men than that in the other two groups. (b) The number of pachytene primary sperniatocytes
accommodated by a single Sertoli cell (SPERMATOCYTES) and the number of spermatids with spherical nuclei accommodated by a single Sertoli
cell(SPERMATIDS) are less in Chinese men than in the other two ethnic groups of men. Means with different letters (A, B) differ significantly (P < 0.05).
SPERMATOCYIES SPERMA11DS
a 8
7 x
5 -I- 43
2
DCI*ESE
HISPANIC
#{149} CAUCASIAN
AB
b
-20 1816
Cl)
-.1 14
1210’ 8’
-j 6
a: w .2’ D
2
B
0
VOLUME DENSITY (%) VOLUME/MAN (ml)
500 ‘0 450 z
400
350 c)
-J 30oti 250
200
>- 150 100
5o
A
2 FIG. 6. Ethnic differences in (a) volume density (VOLUME DENSITY [%]), volume per man (VOLUME/MAN [ml]), and (b) number of Leydig cells
per gram of parenchyma (LEYDIG CELLS/g) or per man (LEYDIG CELLS/MAN). Means with different letters (A, B) are statistically different (P < 0.05) by analysis of variance and Student-Newman-Keuls test.
LEYDIG CELLS/g LEYDIG CELLS/MAN
lowest (P < 0.05) number of Sertoli cells per man but
also had the lowest (P < 0.05) function of Sertoli cells
of the ethnic groups based on the number of primary spermatocytes
or the number of spermatids accommodated by
individual Sertoli cells (Fig. 5). A functional deficiency
of Sertoli cells in Chinese men (Fig. 5b) is consistent with
elevated basal follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) serum
pulsatile secretions in Asians as compared to in Caucasians
(Wang et al, 1998). Further, serum FSH concentrations
are higher in normal men with testosterone-induced
azoospermia than in normal men with testosterone-induced
oligospermia, regardless of ethnic origin (Handels- man et a), 1995).
The number of Leydig cells and the Leydig cell cytoplasmic
volume were reduced in aged men who also had
a reduced spermatogemc potential (Neaves et a), 1984).
However, the number of Leydig cells and the volume of
Leydig cell cytoplasm do not accurately predict spermatogemc
potential in men (Neaves et al, 1987; Johnson et
a), 1990b). In contrast, the volume density of Leydig cell
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (steroidgenic machinery) was significantly related to the daily sperm production in men (Johnson et a!, 1990b). In that study, the volume
density of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in Leydig cells was greater (P < 0.01) in men with high spermatogenic
activity. Although Leydig cells in Chinese men were intermediate
in size, the volume density of Leydig cell cytoplasm
was greatest (P < 0.05) in Chinese men (Table
1). Perhaps the higher volume density of Leydig cell cytoplasm
in Chinese men, compared to other ethnic groups
(Table 1), has evolved to be important in the maintenance
of relatively normal spermatogenesis in Asians. As a re- sult, Asian men may be more susceptible to exogenous
androgens, which would effectively eliminate any en- hanced function that the locally higher density of Leydig
cell cytoplasm would bestow on the adjacent seminiferous
356 Journal of Andrology May/June 1998
tubules. This point is consistent with the fact that Asian men respond earlier and with a more marked suppression
of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion to exogenous
androgens than do Caucasian men (Wang et al, 1998).
However, the lack of available data on the intratesticular
testosterone content prevents critical evaluation of this
hypothesis. Variation in the volume density of smooth
endoplasmic reticulum in Leydig cells and its relationship
to ethnic differences in spermatogenesis activity is under
current investigation.
In summary, the underlying reason for the ethnic differences
in responsiveness to contraceptive hormones
(WHO, 1990, 1993, 1996) is unknown. However, ethnic
differences in testicular structure (including a larger vol- ume density of Leydig cell cytoplasm) and spermatogenic
potential may direct future research to some possibilities.
It is likely that the reduced number and function of Sertoli
cells (Fig. 5) contribute to an inherently lower spermatogenic
potential (Fig. 4) in Chinese (Asian) men, which
would predispose them to a heightened negative spermatogenic
response to steroidal contraceptives. Hence,
the potential need for a high volume density of Leydig
cell cytoplasm (that would be reduced by exogenous steroids
and compromised luteinizing hormone stimulation)
and an inherently lower spermatogenic potential (limited
ability to respond to testicular stress, such as lower gonadotropins)
may predispose testes of Asian men to a heightened sensitivity to steroidal contraceptives.
-
Turanian Trashtalker
- Posts: 802
- Joined: Fri Jul 03, 2015 4:57 am
- Reputation: 286
This freak is obsessed with asian private parts.
-
Turanian Trashtalker
- Posts: 802
- Joined: Fri Jul 03, 2015 4:57 am
- Reputation: 286
Literally spends hours a day googling this shit
SMH
SMH
-
Vutulaki-san
Scream micro testie bitch scream with estrogen fueled rage!
I cant hear you haha
Whats it 19:00 in California now? shouldnt you be out fund raising among your loser low income community (numba 85!) to fund the "Korean Students Union"?
Or........
Do the poor Nips have to pay for that too?
Dont bother answering for obvious reasons..
I cant hear you haha
Whats it 19:00 in California now? shouldnt you be out fund raising among your loser low income community (numba 85!) to fund the "Korean Students Union"?
Or........
Do the poor Nips have to pay for that too?
Dont bother answering for obvious reasons..
-
Turanian Trashtalker
- Posts: 802
- Joined: Fri Jul 03, 2015 4:57 am
- Reputation: 286
lol nigga if you can't see my posts why throw a tantrum over them?
it's 8:07 PM right now and half of my job involves programming. got your juvenile antics on an entire monitor, all to yourself, it's a special privilege just for you.
LOL you married into this "loser community"
LOL at your sad life
LOL at your half breed kids who are the rejects of their gene pool
LOL you're halfway between ape and H. sapiens
I'm completely debt free, I'll never owe alimony to a retarded gaedok wife (you married a bitch with zero education, zero skills, and zero assets who can't even speak Englisheee, how the fuck have you even lasted this long nigga?), I make six figures a year, and lastly, I am 100% human.
Bitch is going to take you to the cleaners in divorce court. You know you have to hand over all your social media accounts right?
Suck kim chee nigger
AHAHAHAHA
it's 8:07 PM right now and half of my job involves programming. got your juvenile antics on an entire monitor, all to yourself, it's a special privilege just for you.
LOL you married into this "loser community"
LOL at your sad life
LOL at your half breed kids who are the rejects of their gene pool
LOL you're halfway between ape and H. sapiens
I'm completely debt free, I'll never owe alimony to a retarded gaedok wife (you married a bitch with zero education, zero skills, and zero assets who can't even speak Englisheee, how the fuck have you even lasted this long nigga?), I make six figures a year, and lastly, I am 100% human.
Bitch is going to take you to the cleaners in divorce court. You know you have to hand over all your social media accounts right?
Suck kim chee nigger
AHAHAHAHA
-
Turanian Trashtalker
- Posts: 802
- Joined: Fri Jul 03, 2015 4:57 am
- Reputation: 286
He doesn't even have to read my posts and already he's unleashed his inner chimp!
Whoa!
How soon is this gae seki going to destroy the furniture or vent his anger on the wife or kids?
Whoa!
How soon is this gae seki going to destroy the furniture or vent his anger on the wife or kids?
-
Vutulaki-san
Cuck Asians!
Come on 19:00 leaves you plenty of time to get down to Ktown and watch Brad and Jerome pull K-Bitches straight off the sidewalk "You look Japanese" drops the K panties every time, unless youre a K-Makeup-Boy
Good news for you is that PLENTY of the Brothers are on the down low (all that prison time I guess) so you might be able to get one of the slow coaches to make you feel like the woman you long to be
"Hey Jelome I wanna take some lides on your disco sticku!"
[ ] Male
[ ] Female
[x] South Korean
Bwahahahahahaha!
Come on 19:00 leaves you plenty of time to get down to Ktown and watch Brad and Jerome pull K-Bitches straight off the sidewalk "You look Japanese" drops the K panties every time, unless youre a K-Makeup-Boy
Good news for you is that PLENTY of the Brothers are on the down low (all that prison time I guess) so you might be able to get one of the slow coaches to make you feel like the woman you long to be
"Hey Jelome I wanna take some lides on your disco sticku!"
[ ] Male
[ ] Female
[x] South Korean
Bwahahahahahaha!
-
Turanian Trashtalker
- Posts: 802
- Joined: Fri Jul 03, 2015 4:57 am
- Reputation: 286
Niggers can dish it out but they can't take it, fucking most effeminate race in the world, no not even the 333 qualifies for that. toxic levels of butthurt, all because you read something online, and you even threaten violence over forum posts?
fucking s m h
Hey nigger I know you're reading my shit, you wouldn't be answering "Hey zipperhead I can't read you!" if you put me on ignore. If you can't read my posts why give a fuck? What's the point of ignore retard?
fucking s m h
Hey nigger I know you're reading my shit, you wouldn't be answering "Hey zipperhead I can't read you!" if you put me on ignore. If you can't read my posts why give a fuck? What's the point of ignore retard?
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